Constraint
·
“ a method of limiting the actions that can be performed on a system”..
Cost Benefit
·
“ an activity will be pursued only if its benefits are equal to or
greater than the cost”..
Visibility
·
“ the usability of a system is
improved when its status and methods of use are clearly visible”..
·
“ a strategy for managing information complexity in which only
necessary or requested information is displayed at any given time”..
Iconic Representation
·
” the use of pictorial images to improve the recognition and recall of
signs and controls”..
·
“ the process of using spatial and environmental information to
navigate to a destination”.
Constraint
Possible
action that can be performed on a system is limited therefore, the design is
easy to use and reduce the probability of error during interaction. Constraint
is needed in design to simplify usability and minimize the error. There are 2
basic kinds of constraints which are the Physical Constraint and Psychological
Constraint.
(1) Physical constraint
Physical constraint can limit the range of possible actions by redirecting the physical motion in specific ways. It also can reduced
the sensitivity of controls, minimize unintentional inputs, and prevent or
slow dangerous action. There are 3 kinds of physical
constraint that are path, axes and barriers.
(a) Path
The forces for path constraint are converted into linear or curvilinear motion using channels or grooves. Path constraint are useful in controlling the variable ranged that is relatively small and bounded. There are two examples for path constraint.
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| Picture 1: Curtain Holder |
This picture was taken from an online magazine called "Impiana". The curtain holder that is labelled in the picture use the path constraint because the curtain is only can be moved left or right. The forces that are used to change the direction of the curtain is transferred into the linear motion.
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| Picture 2: Zip for the Pencil box |
The picture of this pencil box is own by me. The pencil box zip that are labelled in the picture also uses the path constraint. The user have to pull the zip backwards or upwards to open and closed the pencil box. The forces that are applied to open and closed the zip are transferred into linear motion.
(b) Axes
The applied forces in the axes constraint are converted into
rotary motions that provide effective control surface of infinite length in a
small space. Axes constraint also useful in controlling the limited
real estate, control large variable or unbounded.
 |
| Picture 3: Iron Controller |
The picture of this iron is own by me. The iron controller plays an important role to control the heat needed to iron different fabrics. The applied forces convert into rotary motion and providing a control surface of infinite length in a small space. The iron uses axes physical constraint because, the temperature of the iron is controlled in a rotary motion.
(c) Barriers
The applied forces is absorb or
deflect by halting, slowing or redirect the forces around barriers. It also useful in denying errant or
unwanted/undesired actions.
 |
| Picture 4: Key and Door Knob |
Based on the Picture 4, the key and the door knob were labelled in the picture. The key is design in such way so that, the key can be used to open the door knob if the door knob is locked. This design is useful especially for safety. If the key is twisted like in the right picture, the key does not fit the door knob thus, the locked door cannot be opened.
(2) Psychological constraint
There are 3 kinds of psychological constraint that are the symbol, conventions and mapping. Psychological constraints can limit the range of possible
actions by leveraging the way people perceive and think about the world. The psychological constraint also can be used to improve the clarity and intuitiveness of a design.
(a) Symbol
Symbol can influence the behavior by
communicating meaning through language in terms of text or icon. Symbol also useful for labeling, explaining,
and warning using visual, aural and tactile representation.
This symbol was found in front of Lab at Level 1, FCSHD. This symbol was used to give a warning to the students. The student must not eat and drinks inside the Lab. This symbol is used as a kind of communication using the text and icon.
(b) Conventions
Conventions can be used to influenced the behavior based on learned traditions and practices. It is also useful in making the systems
consistent and easy to use.
The pedestrian was found in front of the BHEP. The pedestrian was used by the people to cross the road. The driver should not drive fast along this area.
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| Picture 6: Pedestrian cross |
(c) Mapping
Mapping can influence behavior based on
perceived relationship between elements. It is also useful for implying possible
action based on visibility, location and appearance control.
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| Picture 7: Touch pad and Mouse |
Cost Benefit
The
cost-benefit principle is used to assess the financial return associated with
new features and elements (design perspective). The design is poor if the costs
associated with interacting with a design outweigh the benefits. However, the
design is good if the benefits associated with interacting with the design outweigh
the cost. The consideration of the cost-benefit principle in all aspects of
designed is important. The decisions based on cost parameters alone cannot be
made without thinking about the consideration of the benefits realized from the
interaction.
- If Cost is higher than the Benefits = Poor design
- If the Benefits is higher than Cost = Good design
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| Picture 7: Advertisement from Zalora Online Shopping |
This is an advertisement of Zalora Online Shopping. They influence the user that there were a discount about 20% off if the user purchase from them.
Visibility
Status and
methods of use that are clearly visible improve the usability of the system.
System usable when they clearly indicate its status, possible action that can
be performed and the consequences of action once performed. The principle of
visibility is based on fact that people are better at recognizing solutions
when selecting from a set of options rather than recalling the solutions from
the memory.
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| Picture 8: Visibility of the design for Mobile that indicates for charging state. |
The status for the design of the product can be seen because the product itself indicates its own status to the user. Based on Figure 8, the visibility principle is applied in this design of the mobile. As we can see in the labelled picture, the system of the products itself indicates that the product was in a charging state.
Progressive Disclosure
A strategy of separating information complexity and only presenting the
information that are necessary or relevant. The information is separated into
multiple of layers and only presenting the necessary information. The
progressive disclosure is primarily used to prevent the information from being
overloaded, employed in computer user interfaces, instructional materials and the
design of physical spaces. It keeps the display clean and uncluttered thus,
helping people manage the complexity. The use of progressive disclosure gives
benefits toward learning efficiency. It is also used in physical world to
manage the perception of complexity and activity. Novice or infrequent users
that use the design can get the advantages of using progressive disclosure
because the information complexity is reduced.
Example: Bank Islam mobile application.
As we can see in each picture, the Bank Islam mobile application is using the progressive disclosure principles. The information given to the user is separated into layers.
Step 1: Enter the password and click OK.
Example: Bank Islam mobile application.
As we can see in each picture, the Bank Islam mobile application is using the progressive disclosure principles. The information given to the user is separated into layers.
Step 1: Enter the password and click OK.
Step2: Tap on the Prepaid Top Up.
Step 3: Tap on CELCOM.
Step 4: Tap on Airtime 10.
Step 5: Enter mobile phone number and click OK.
Iconic Representation
Using
pictorial images to make actions, objects and concepts in the display easier to
find, recognize, learn and remembered. These iconic representations are used in
signage, computer displays and control panels. It also can be used as the
identification, serve as space-efficient alternative to text or draw the
attention of an item in informational display. The iconic representation
also reduce the performance load, conserves display and control area. It also
makes the signs and controls understandable across cultures. There are 4 types
of iconic representation; (a) Similar, (b) Example, (c) Symbolic, and (d)
Arbitrary.
(a) Similar
Icon that
use images that represent an action, object or concept. It is effective
in representing simple actions, objects or concepts and becoming less effective
when the complexity increases. The representation is simple and concrete.
(b) Example
Icon that
used images of things those exemplify or commonly associated with the actions,
objects or concepts. It is effective
at represents the complex actions, objects or concepts. The representation
is complex.
(c) Symbolic
Icon that
use images that represent the action, object or concept at higher level of
abstraction. Symbolic is effective
when actions, objects or concepts involve well-established and easily
recognizable objects. The representation
involve established and recognizable symbol.
(d)
Arbitrary
Icon that
used images that bears a little or no relationship to the actions, objects or
concepts. Hence, the users have to learn the relationship of the arbitrary
icon. Arbitrary is used when
developing cross-cultural or industrial standards that used in longer period of
time. Therefore, the people or the users have sufficient exposure to the icon
to make it as an effective communication. The representations
are used to be as standards.
Wayfinding
The process of using spatial and environmental information to navigate
to a destination. There are 4 stages of basic process of wayfinding; (a)
Orientation, (b) Route decision, (c) Route monitoring, (d) Destination
recognition.
(a) Orientation
The orientation is determining one's location nearby objects and destination. It used landmarks to improve orientation. Landmarks provide strong orientation cues and locations that easily remembered identities. Signage is one of the easiest ways to tell people's location and direction.
(b) Route Decision
Choosing the route to get to the destination. Route decision-making can be improve by minimize the number of navigational choices hence, providing the sign and prompts at decision points.
(c) Route Monitoring
Monitoring to the chosen route to confirm that it leads to the right destination. Route monitoring can be improved by connecting the location with path that have clear beginning, middle and ends.
(d) Decision Recognition
Recognizing the destination. Decision is used to improve the destination recognition, use the enclosed destinations such as form dead-ends or barrier to disrupt the flow of movement through the space. The destination must be clear and consistent identities.
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